Trauma can be an incipient co-factor for the development of a mood disorder. Trauma and mood disorders are often linked, and their comorbidity is a well-documented psychiatric phenomenon. Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is commonly associated with mental conditions such as depressive disorders, anxiety disorders, impulse control disorders, and substance use disorder. When PTSD develops, it most often follows a traumatic event where a person’s physical or emotional health is harmed or threatened. Traumatic events can impact an individual’s sense of security and cause physical, emotional, or psychological distress, in both the immediate and long-term. This distress often manifests as a mood disorder: a type of mental illness characterized by emotional dysregulation and its negative effects on one’s quality of life.
Mood disorders that are often caused by trauma include:
- Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
- Acute Stress Disorder
- Reactive Attachment Disorder
- Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder
- Generalized Anxiety
- Social Anxiety
- Adjustment Disorder
- Dysregulated Affect
- Borderline Personality Disorder
- Major Depressive Disorder
- Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
Effective approaches to treating mood disorders stemming from trauma must address the core problem by focusing on a patient’s trauma history and helping them tolerate triggers and come back from hyperarousal. Sights, sounds, and smells with a connection to a traumatic event can “trigger” an individual,flooding them with overwhelming feelings of fear, anxiety, anger, or panic. The impacts of trauma on an individual can subtly discomfit or can be overtly debilitating. There are several clinically proven modalities for treating trauma. The most
effective approaches to treating trauma and trauma-based disorders are:
- Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
- Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT)
- Narrative Exposure Therapy (NET)
- Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR)
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is a long-standing treatment for trauma disorders. CBT for trauma is a form of psychotherapy that helps survivors cope with the effects of traumatic events by challenging negative thoughts and emotions and developing new self-conceptions and self-care skills. It is one of the most effective treatments for PTSD and other trauma-based disorders. CBT can be used in conjunction with different techniques such as mindfulness, relaxation, art therapy, and EMDR. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy focuses on the relationship between thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Healing a person’s unhelpful thought patterns can lead to healthier behaviors and improved emotional regulation.
CBT’s success in treating trauma is best explained by two separate theories: the emotional processing theory and the social cognitive theory. The emotional processing theory suggests that those who have experienced a traumatic event can develop associations between objectively neutral stimuli that are reminders of the event, meaning, and responses. According to this theory, changing these associations is imperative to regaining healthy functioning. Social cognitive theory also supports the use of CBT as a treatment for trauma because it suggests that people who incorporate the traumatic experience into existing beliefs about themselves, others, and the world usually have unhelpful perceptions of their experience and what it means about themselves and their environment.
Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT) teaches five main skillsets: mindfulness, distress tolerance, emotion regulation, dialectical thinking, and interpersonal effectiveness. In the two stage treatment process, DBT focuses on helping patients to regulate emotional states and achieve behavioral control in Stage 1 so that they can tolerate therapy that is focused on trauma and emotional experiencing in a Stage 2 treatment. DBT is a type of talk-therapy that is based on CBT but is specifically adapted for people who experience emotions very intensely. DBT has been proven to be effective for treating and managing a wide range of mental health conditions including Borderline Personality Disorder, PTSD, Substance Use Disorder, Depression, and Anxiety. The reason that DBT has proved effective as a treatment for these conditions is that they each result from unhealthy efforts to control intense, negative emotions. DBT helps people learn healthier ways to cope rather than depending on efforts that cause problems in an individual’s life. The goal of using DBT to treat an individual with a trauma-based disorder is to improve their quality of life by addressing what is blocking their progress and enhancing their interpersonal effectiveness.
Narrative Exposure Therapy (NET) is a trauma-focused psychotherapy that aims to change the structure of trauma-related memories, cognitions, and emotions related to traumatic events. This treatment helps individuals establish a coherent life narrative in which to contextualize traumatic experiences. NET involves the patient establishing a chronological narrative of their life, concentrating on their traumatic experiences, but also incorporating positive events. The therapist guides the patient to describe their emotions, thoughts, sensory information and physiological responses, and the patient is asked to narrate the traumatic experience and relive the emotions experienced without losing connection to the present. Keeping the patient present is achieved through reminders that the emotions and physical responses that occur in response to the traumatic memories are linked to facts from the past but are then reprocessed and unified with meaning. NET is unique in that its explicit focus on recognizing and creating an account of what happened in a way that serves to recapture the patient’s self-respect and acknowledges their autonomy and value.
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is a mental health treatment technique that involves the patient moving their eyes in a specific way while they process traumatic memories. EMDR’s goal is to help the patient heal from trauma and the distress caused by their maladaptive coping mechanisms. A key difference between EMDR and other therapy modalities, such as group therapy, and CBT/DBT, is that EMDR therapy does not necessarily require the patient to talk in detail about the distressing issue. EMDR instead focuses on changing the emotions, thoughts, and behaviors resulting from the distressing issue. EMDR is based on the theory of Adaptive Information Processing, which suggests that the brain stores normal and traumatic memories differently. A normal event is stored smoothly and connects to other memories, while traumatic memories are stored in a way that does not allow for healthy healing, and the brain does not receive the message that the danger is over. EMDR allows the patient to access memories of a traumatic event in a very specific way: combined with eye movements and guided instructions, accessing these memories helps the patient reprocess what they remember from the event. The reprocessing allows the patient to repair and reframe this memory in such a way that they no longer feel like they are reliving it, making the associated feelings more manageable.
Any of these therapy modalities, alone, or in conjunction with one another and/or psychiatric medications can be extremely effective in treating individuals with mood disorders stemming from trauma. In addition to these types of treatments, individuals should engage in regular self-care and maintain a healthy nutritious diet with fresh fruits and vegetables to maintain overall health and help combat overwhelming negative feelings and emotions when they arise. Lingering effects from trauma can last from several months to a year or more. How long these effects will last for an individual depends on many factors including the trauma, the person, time, treatment, and support. Usually, with time and treatment, individuals can overcome trauma and manage trauma-based disorders to live a happy, healthy life.
If you are ready to talk, we are ready to help. Our mission is delivering holistic mental health care that addresses trauma with warmth and compassion. We’re ready to engage in conversations about your traumatic experiences and explore ways in which we can support you. Feel free to contact us at (310) 713-6739, and together, we can embark on the journey of unraveling your traumas, taking gradual steps forward.